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1 Howe, Elias
[br]b. 9 July 1819 Spencer, Massachusetts, USAd. 3 October 1867 Bridgeport, Connecticut, USA[br]American inventor of one of the earliest successful sewing machines.[br]Son of Elias Howe, a farmer, he acquired his mechanical knowledge in his father's mill. He left school at 12 years of age and was apprenticed for two years in a machine shop in Lowell, Massachusetts, and later to an instrument maker, Ari Davis in Boston, Massachusetts, where his master's services were much in demand by Harvard University. Fired by a desire to invent a sewing machine, he utilized the experience gained in Lowell to devise a shuttle carrying a lower thread and a needle carrying an upper thread to make lock-stitch in straight lines. His attempts were so rewarding that he left his job and was sustained first by his father and then by a partner. By 1845 he had built a machine that worked at 250 stitches per minute, and the following year he patented an improved machine. The invention of the sewing machine had an enormous impact on the textile industry, stimulating demand for cloth because making up garments became so much quicker. The sewing machine was one of the first mass-produced consumer durables and was essentially an American invention. William Thomas, a London manufacturer of shoes, umbrellas and corsets, secured the British rights and persuaded Howe to come to England to apply it to the making of shoes. This Howe did, but he quarrelled with Thomas after less than one year. He returned to America to face with his partner, G.W.Bliss, a bigger fight over his patent (see I.M. Singer), which was being widely infringed. Not until 1854 was the case settled in his favour. This litigation threatened the very existence of the new industry, but the Great Sewing Machine Combination, the first important patent-pooling arrangement in American history, changed all this. For a fee of $5 on every domestically-sold machine and $1 on every exported one, Howe contributed to the pool his patent of 1846 for a grooved eye-pointed needle used in conjunction with a lock-stitch-forming shuttle. Howe's patent was renewed in 1861; he organized and equipped a regiment during the Civil War with the royalties. When the war ended he founded the Howe Machine Company of Bridgeport, Connecticut.[br]Further ReadingObituary, 1867, Engineer 24.Obituary, 1867, Practical Magazine 5.F.G.Harrison, 1892–3, Biographical Sketches of Pre-eminent Americans (provides a good account of Howe's life and achievements).N.Salmon, 1863, History of the Sewing Machine from the Year 1750, with a biography of Elias Howe, London (tells the history of sewing machines).F.B.Jewell, 1975, Veteran Sewing Machines, A Collector's Guide, Newton Abbot (a more modern account of the history of sewing machines).C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. V, Oxford: Clarendon Press (covers the mechanical developments).D.A.Hounshell, 1984, From the American System to Mass Production 1800–1932. TheDevelopment of Manufacturing Technology in the United States, Baltimore (examines the role of the American sewing machine companies in the development of mass-production techniques).RLH -
2 Howe, Elias
(1819-1867) Хоу, ЭлиасИзобретатель-самоучка, создатель первой швейной машинки, ключевым элементом которой стала игла с ушком внизу. Действующая модель была запатентована в 1846. Первоначально его изобретение не нашло спроса в США и продавалось в Англии. В 1849-54 судился с изготовителями швейных машин (в том числе с А. Зингером [ Singer, Isaac Bashevis]), нарушавшими его патентные права. Процесс был выигран, и вплоть до 1867 он получал отчисления от продажи каждой швейной машины в стране. Участвовал в Гражданской войне [ Civil War] в составе созданного им Коннектикутского полка. После войны открыл фабрику по производству швейных машин. В 1915 избран в национальную Галерею славы [ Hall of Fame]English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Howe, Elias
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3 Howe, Elias
США. Лингвострановедческий англо-русский словарь > Howe, Elias
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4 Howe
m.1 Howe, Elias Howe.2 Howe, Julia Ward Howe. -
5 Howe, Frederick Webster
[br]b. 28 August 1822 Danvers, Massachusetts, USAd. 25 April 1891 Providence, Rhode Island, USA[br]American mechanical engineer, machine-tool designer and inventor.[br]Frederick W.Howe attended local schools until the age of 16 and then entered the machine shop of Gay \& Silver at North Chelmsford, Massachusetts, as an apprentice and remained with that firm for nine years. He then joined Robbins, Kendall \& Lawrence of Windsor, Vermont, as Assistant to Richard S. Lawrence in designing machine tools. A year later (1848) he was made Plant Superintendent. During his time with this firm, Howe designed a profiling machine which was used in all gun shops in the United States: a barrel-drilling and rifling machine, and the first commercially successful milling machine. Robbins \& Lawrence took to the Great Exhibition of 1851 in London, England, a set of rifles built on the interchangeable system. The interest this created resulted in a visit of some members of the British Royal Small Arms Commission to America and subsequently in an order for 150 machine tools, jigs and fixtures from Robbins \& Lawrence, to be installed at the small-arms factory at Enfield. From 1853 to 1856 Howe was in charge of the design and building of these machines. In 1856 he established his own armoury at Newark, New Jersey, but transferred after two years to Middletown, Connecticut, where he continued the manufacture of small arms until the outbreak of the Civil War. He then became Superintendent of the armoury of the Providence Tool Company at Providence, Rhode Island, and served in that capacity until the end of the war. In 1865 he went to Bridgeport, Connecticut, to assist Elias Howe with the manufacture of his sewing machine. After the death of Elias Howe, Frederick Howe returned to Providence to join the Brown \& Sharpe Manufacturing Company. As Superintendent of that establishment he worked with Joseph R. Brown in the development of many of the firm's products, including machinery for the Wilcox \& Gibbs sewing machine then being made by Brown \& Sharpe. From 1876 Howe was in business on his own account as a consulting mechanical engineer and in his later years he was engaged in the development of shoe machinery and in designing a one-finger typewriter, which, however, was never completed. He was granted several patents, mainly in the fields of machine tools and firearms. As a designer, Howe was said to have been a perfectionist, making frequent improvements; when completed, his designs were always sound.[br]Further ReadingJ.W.Roe, 1916, English and American Tool Builders, New Haven; repub. 1926, New York, and 1987, Bradley, 111. (provides biographical details).R.S.Woodbury, 1960, History of the Milling Machine, Cambridge, Mass, (describes Howe's contribution to the development of the milling machine).RTSBiographical history of technology > Howe, Frederick Webster
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6 Howe, William
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering[br]b. 12 May 1803 Spencer, Massachusetts, USAd. 19 September 1852 Springfield, Massachusetts, USA[br]American bridge engineer.[br]He was uncle of Elias Howe and spent his youth in the neighbourhood of his birthplace, primarily as a farmer. In 1838 he was commissioned to build a bridge at Warren, Massachusetts, for the Boston \& Albany Railway. He worked on this for two years, incorporating some novel features for which he applied for patents. His design was a truss with wooden diagonals and vertical iron ties in single and double systems which was said to be an improvement on the Long type of truss, introduced by Colonel Stephen Long in 1830. Howe was the first to incorporate the rectangular truss frame. Soon after this, he was to use his patent truss over the Connecticut River at Springfield for the Western Railroad. So successful was he that he became engaged for the rest of his life in the design of bridges and roof trusses, which, together with selling royalties for the rights to his patents, brought to him a considerable fortune. Many Howe truss bridges were built until the introduction of the iron bridge. In 1846 he took out a third patent for an improvement in the original rectangular truss, consisting of a curved timber member rising from each buttress to the centre of the span and greatly adding to the strength.[br]Further ReadingDictionary of American Biography, 1932–3, New York: Charles Scribner.IMcN -
7 Singer, Isaac Merrit
(1811-1875) Зингер, Айзек МерритБизнесмен, изобретатель. Ушел из дома в 12-летнем возрасте, странствовал. В 1850 создал первую бытовую швейную машину, запущенную через год в массовое производство, заложив в этой модели функции, используемые в большинстве современных швейных машин. В течение нескольких лет был вовлечен в судебную тяжбу с Э. Хоу [ Howe, Elias], который изобрел использованную Зингером конструкцию иглы. Несмотря на это, Зингеру удалось создать фирму, ставшую крупнейшим в мире производителем швейных машин и имевшую предприятия во многих странах, в том числе в России. Вошел в историю предпринимательства как инициатор многих методов, ставших основой современной розничной торговли: внедрил в практику рекламные кампании новых товаров, продажу в рассрочку [ installment plan], гарантийное обслуживание и обмен дефектного товара и т.п. Запатентовал более 20 изобретений, направленных на усовершенствование швейной машиныEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Singer, Isaac Merrit
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8 Domestic appliances and interiors
Biographical history of technology > Domestic appliances and interiors
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9 Textiles
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Dore, Samuel GriswoldHeilmann, JosuéLevers, JohnLister, Samuel CunliffeMa JunSong Yingxing -
10 Thomas, William
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]fl. 1850 London, England[br]English patentee of the lock-stitch sewing machine in Britain.[br]William Thomas, of Cheapside, London, was a manufacturer of shoes, umbrellas and corsets. He paid Elias Howe a sum of £250 to secure the British rights of Howe's 1846 patent for the lock-stitch sewing machine. Thomas persuaded Howe to go from the USA to England and apply his machine to the manufacture of shoes and corsets. Howe was to receive £3 per week, and in addition Thomas was to patent the machine in Britain and pay Howe £3 for every machine sold under the British patent. Patents for sewing machines were taken out in the name of W.Thomas in 1846 and 1848, and again in 1849. Howe did travel to Britain but quarrelled with Thomas after less than a year and returned to the USA. In 1853 Thomas started selling his own lock-stitch machine. There are patents in the name of W.F. Thomas for sewing machines, making button-holes bindings, etc., dating from 1853 through to 1864.[br]Bibliography1846, British patent no. 11,464 (sewing machine). 1848, British patent no. 12,221 (sewing machine). 1849, British patent no. 12,736 (sewing machine). 1853, British patent no. 1,026.1855, British patent no. 2,079.1856, British patent no. 740.1856, British patent no. 2,978.1860, British patent no. 1,631.1864, British patent no. 1,609.Further ReadingF.G.Harrison, 1892–3, Biographical Sketches of Pre-eminent Americans (includes an account of Howe's life).F.B.Jewell, 1975, Veteran Sewing Machines. A Collector's Guide, Newton Abbot (makes brief mention of Thomas).RLH -
11 Singer, Isaac Merritt
[br]b. 27 October 1811 Pittstown, New York, USAd. 23 July 1875 Torquay, Devonshire, England[br]American inventor of a sewing machine, and pioneer of mass production.[br]The son of a millwright, Singer was employed as an unskilled labourer at the age of 12, but later gained wide experience as a travelling machinist. He also found employment as an actor. On 16 May 1839, while living at Lockport, Illinois, he obtained his first patent for a rock-drilling machine, but he soon squandered the money he made. Then in 1849, while at Pittsburgh, he secured a patent for a wood-and metal-carving machine that he had begun five years previously; however, a boiler explosion in the factory destroyed his machine and left him penniless.Near the end of 1850 Singer was engaged to redesign the Lerow \& Blodgett sewing machine at the Boston shop of Orson C.Phelps, where the machine was being repaired. He built an improved version in eleven days that was sufficiently different for him to patent on 12 August 1851. He formed a partnership with Phelps and G.B. Zieber and they began to market the invention. Singer soon purchased Phelps's interest, although Phelps continued to manufacture the machines. Then Edward Clark acquired a one-third interest and with Singer bought out Zieber. These two, with dark's flair for promotion and marketing, began to create a company which eventually would become the largest manufacturer of sewing machines exported worldwide, with subsidiary factories in England.However, first Singer had to defend his patent, which was challenged by an earlier Boston inventor, Elias Howe. Although after a long lawsuit Singer had to pay royalties, it was the Singer machine which eventually captured the market because it could do continuous stitching. In 1856 the Great Sewing Machine Combination, the first important pooling arrangement in American history, was formed to share the various patents so that machines could be built without infringements and manufacture could be expanded without fear of litigation. Singer contributed his monopoly on the needle-bar cam with his 1851 patent. He secured twenty additional patents, so that his original straight-needle vertical design for lock-stitching eventually included such refinements as a continuous wheel-feed, yielding presser-foot, and improved cam for moving the needle-bar. A new model, introduced in 1856, was the first to be intended solely for use in the home.Initially Phelps made all the machines for Singer. Then a works was established in New York where the parts were assembled by skilled workers through filing and fitting. Each machine was therefore a "one-off" but Singer machines were always advertised as the best on the market and sold at correspondingly high prices. Gradually, more specialized machine tools were acquired, but it was not until long after Singer had retired to Europe in 1863 that Clark made the change to mass production. Sales of machines numbered 810 in 1853 and 21,000 ten years later.[br]Bibliography12 August 1851, US patent no. 8,294 (sewing machine)Further ReadingBiographies and obituaries have appeared in Appleton's Cyclopedia of America, Vol. V; Dictionary of American Biography, Vol XVII; New York Times 25 July 1875; Scientific American (1875) 33; and National Cyclopaedia of American Biography.D.A.Hounshell, 1984, From the American System to Mass Production 1800–1932. TheDevelopment of Manufacturing Technology in the United States, Baltimore (provides a thorough account of the development of the Singer sewing machine, the competition it faced from other manufacturers and production methods).RLH
См. также в других словарях:
Howe,Elias — Howe (hou), Elias. 1819 1867. American inventor and manufacturer who designed early sewing machines (1845 and 1846) and subsequently won patent infringement suits against a number of manufacturers, including Isaac M. Singer. * * * … Universalium
Howe, Elias — (1819 1867) Born in the United States in the countryside of Massachusetts, Howe led the life of a typical farmer s son. Seeking to secure a better life, Howe worked in a machine shop and, realizing the demand for a mechanical sewing device,… … Historical Dictionary of the Fashion Industry
Howe, Elias — born July 9, 1819, Spencer, Mass., U.S. died Oct. 3, 1867, Brooklyn, N.Y. U.S. inventor. A nephew of William Howe, he began work as a mechanic. In 1846 he was granted a patent for the first practical sewing machine. It attracted little attention … Universalium
Howe, Elias — (9 jul. 1819, Spencer, Mass., EE.UU.–3 oct. 1867, Brooklyn, N.Y.). Inventor estadounidense. Sobrino de William Howe, comenzó a trabajar como mecánico. En 1846 registró la patente de la primera máquina de coser práctica, la que atrajo poca… … Enciclopedia Universal
Howe — /how/, n. 1. E(dgar) W(atson), 1853 1937, U.S. novelist and editor. 2. Elias, 1819 67, U.S. inventor of the sewing machine. 3. Gordon (Gordie), born 1928, Canadian ice hockey player. 4. Irving, 1920 93, U.S. social historian and literary critic.… … Universalium
howe — /how/, Scot. and North Eng. n. 1. a hole. 2. the hold of a ship. 3. a hollow; dell. adj. 4. hollow. 5. deep. Also, how. [1325 75; ME (north and Scots), alter. of holl; see HOLLOW] * * * (as used in expressi … Universalium
Howe — (as used in expressions) Howe Caverns Howe, Elias Howe, Gordie Gordon Howe Howe, James Wong Howe, Julia Ward Howe, Richard Howe, conde Howe, William Howe, 5° vizconde … Enciclopedia Universal
Elías — (Eliyyāh) ► BIBLIA Profeta del Antiguo Testamento. Elías, Feliu * * * (as used in expressions) Boudinot, Elias Canetti, Elias Disney, Walt(er Elias) Howe, Elias Lönnrot, Elias … Enciclopedia Universal
Howe-Orme — instruments were manufactured by the Elias Howe Company of Boston, MA. The company was founded by Elias Howe, Jr. (1820–1895). Although the inventor of the sewing machine had the same name, this Elias Howe, Jr. was not associated with that… … Wikipedia
Elias Howe — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda Elias Howe Archivo:Elias Howe Project Gutenberg eText 15161.jpg Elias Howe Nacimiento … Wikipedia Español
Elias Howe — Elias Howe, Daguerreotypie von Southworth Hawes (um 1850) Elias Howe (* 9. Juli 1819 in Spencer, Massachusetts; † 3. Oktober 1867 in Brooklyn) war ein US amerikanischer Fabrikant und Erfinder. Howe arbeitete von 1835 bis 1837 in einer… … Deutsch Wikipedia
